Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has proposed a brand new framework for Layer-2 (L2) rollup safety that would convey sooner finality and stronger belief ensures to Ethereum’s scaling ecosystem.
In a current proposal, Buterin outlined a roadmap constructed round a hybrid-proof structure that mixes zero-knowledge proofs, optimistic rollups, and trusted execution environments (TEEs) whereas avoiding overreliance on any single system.
The proposal arrives as Ethereum’s L2 panorama matures. A number of rollups have reached Stage 1 on Ethereum’s scaling roadmap, and upcoming upgrades — like Pectra and Fusaka — are anticipated to considerably increase the provision of information blobs for rollup use.
Buterin stated the main focus is now on pushing these rollups to Stage 2, which requires the next diploma of trustlessness and sooner transaction finality. Within the brief time period, he believes probably the most strong strategy is a three-prover system, the place two out of three mechanisms should validate a rollup’s state root to attain finality.
Below this mannequin, if each a ZK prover and a TEE prover approve a state root, the result’s finalized instantly. If just one approves, the system falls again to an optimistic mannequin that requires a seven-day problem interval.
The optimistic layer acts as a remaining arbiter, stopping semi-trusted techniques from overriding selections when extra trustless techniques disagree.
Trustless finality
Buterin emphasised that this structure is rigorously designed to fulfill the precise safety and decentralization objectives outlined for Stage 2 rollups.
It offers quick finality in regular operations, ensures that trust-minimized proof techniques can’t be overridden by semi-trusted parts, and reduces dependence on the present technology of ZK techniques, which stay weak to bugs and shared-code exploits.
He additionally launched a mechanism for a safety council to function a safeguard. This council would be capable to instantly improve the TEE logic in case of failure and make delayed adjustments to the ZK or optimistic techniques.
In uncommon eventualities — comparable to provers producing contradicting outcomes — the council would have the authority to intervene immediately, preserving system integrity.
In keeping with Buterin, this mixture — one ZK prover, one optimistic prover, and one TEE — represents the one viable strategy to obtain Ethereum’s Stage 2 objectives with out sacrificing pace or safety.
ZK and OP techniques are primarily based on basically totally different mathematical assumptions, making the chance of shared vulnerabilities extraordinarily low. As such, pairing them with a TEE strikes a sensible steadiness that’s unlikely to fail in tandem.
Scaling with Blobs and aggregated proofs
Trying past proof structure, Buterin additionally addressed Ethereum’s evolving knowledge layer. He pointed to the Pectra improve, anticipated inside a number of weeks, which is able to enhance blob area to 6 items per block.
A subsequent improve, Fusaka, may enhance that quantity to as many as 72, drastically increasing the information bandwidth accessible to rollups. Extra blob area reduces congestion and makes L2 transactions cheaper and extra scalable.
The roadmap additionally known as consideration to a lacking piece in Ethereum’s infrastructure: a standardized, ecosystem-wide proof aggregation layer. Buterin argued that purposes throughout the Ethereum stack — from rollups and privateness protocols to pockets restoration instruments — shouldn’t need to submit particular person zero-knowledge proofs.
As a substitute, a shared aggregation mechanism would enable all such purposes to mix their outputs right into a single, unified proof. This may dramatically decrease fuel prices by spreading the roughly 500,000 fuel burden of proof submission throughout all contributors.
Buterin famous that the Ethereum group is already on monitor to provide ZK-EVMs able to producing proofs inside a single slot, even underneath worst-case situations.
As these techniques mature and get rid of crucial bugs, TEEs may finally be phased out fully. In that state of affairs, Ethereum rollups would obtain full trustlessness, with on the spot finality and 0 reliance on semi-trusted parts.
